Such as A and B

Lists examples or possibilities, similar to "such as A and B."

Not as much/less than

Used to say A is not as ~ as B; A is less ~ than B.

Not as...as

A is not as ~ as B; shows a lesser degree or extent than B.

B is more ~ than A

Used to show that B has more of a quality than A in comparisons.

i-Adjective ku suru/naru

Expresses becoming or making something more of an i-adjective quality.

Change or Decision with Na-adjectives

Expresses change or decision using na-adjectives with ni suru/naru.

Deciding on something

Expresses choosing or deciding on something from available options.

To become a noun

Expresses changing into a new state, status, or condition using a noun.

Only/Just [noun]

Expresses that there is nothing but or only a certain noun.

While Doing (Two Actions at the Same Time)

While doing; expresses two actions happening at the same time.

It seems/appears (～you da)

Used to express appearance, similarity, or inference; means “it seems/appears.”

Giving something

Used to say you give something or do a favor for someone else.

Receiving something in a humble manner

Expresses humbly receiving something from someone; polite form of "もらう".

Noun wo kudasaru

Polite form to say someone of higher status gives you something.

Noun wo kureru (to give to me/someone close)

Used when someone gives something to the speaker or someone close.

Giving (to someone of higher status): Noun を さしあげる

Polite way to give something to a superior; humble form of あげる.

Receiving (Noun wo morau)

Expresses receiving something; the receiver uses noun + をもらう.

Verb te ageru

Expresses doing a kind action for someone else using the verb te-form.

Verb ていただく (te itadaku)

Expresses humbly receiving a favor or action from someone else.

Verb-te kudasaru

Expresses respect when someone does a favor for you; honorific verb form.

Verb-te kureru

Used when someone kindly does an action for you or your in-group.

Verb TE + sashiageru

Do something for someone of higher status in a humble, respectful way.

Receiving a Favor

Expresses receiving a favor or action done by someone for you.

Verb ta koto ga aru

Expresses having ever experienced an action using the verb's た-form.

When (Verb-たときに)

Used after past verbs to specify when something happened.

Verb た ところ

Expresses what happened immediately after completing an action.

Verb ta hou ga ii

Gives advice or suggestions using the verb's past (ta) form plus ほうがいい.

Verb + tsumori (to intend/plan to)

Expresses intention or plan to do something using the plain verb form.

I think I will/plan to/intend to

Expresses intention or plan to do something in the near future.

Decide to do something

Expresses making a personal decision to do something from now on.

Deciding or Arranging Something

Used to show that something has been decided or arranged by others or circumstances.

Sometimes do something

Used to say you sometimes do or have ever done an action.

whether or if

Used to express uncertainty or indirect questions with "whether" or "if".

Verb-te itadakitai (would like you to do...)

Polite way to express wanting someone to do something for you.

Verb te itadakemasen ka

Make a very polite request using the verb te-form plus itadakemasen ka.

Verb-te kudasaimasen ka

Very polite request form: "Would you please...?" using verb-te kudasaimasen ka.

Verb てくれませんか

Polite way to request someone to do something for you.

Could you do something for me?

Polite way to request someone to do something for you.

It's okay to / May / Can (permission)

Expresses permission to do something; "may" or "can" in English.

Must not do something

Expresses prohibition; indicates that an action is not allowed.

Please let me do...

Used to politely ask for permission to do something yourself.

Verb + nasai

Used to give direct orders or instructions, often by superiors.

But, however

Expresses a soft contrast or contradiction between two statements.

Verb -saserareru (passive causative)

Expresses being made or forced by someone to do an action.

Verb + saseru

Expresses making or letting someone do an action; causative verb form.

Passive and Potential Forms

Expresses passive voice or ability (can do) with verbs using られる.

Can do (Verb + ことができる)

Expresses ability or possibility to do something; means "can" or "be able to."

Becoming Able to Do Something

Expresses a change where someone comes to be able to do something.

Using the Verb 出す

Shows taking out, starting suddenly, or emphasizing an action.

Verb 'to finish'

Expresses that something finishes or an action is completed; a godan verb.

To continue doing

Expresses the ongoing continuation of an action using "verb + tsuzukeru."

Verb-te iru

Describes ongoing actions or current states using the verb's て-form plus いる.

Particle ～に (ni)

Indicates direction, purpose, time, or location depending on context.

During the period of

Expresses an action happening during a specific period marked by a noun.

During the time (verb in progress)

While one action is ongoing, another action happens during that time.

When doing something

Used to express the time when an action or event occurs.

Verb + ところ

Expresses being just about to do an action; "about to [verb]".

Verb te iru tokoro

Emphasizes an action happening right now; "in the middle of doing."

Verb-te aru

Describes a state resulting from an intentional completed action.

Verb-te iku

Expresses an action continuing or progressing from now into the future.

Verb te kuru

Expresses actions or changes that started in the past and reach the present.

Verb + Kata for Method

Expresses how to do something; forms nouns meaning "way of doing."

Noun + chuu (in the middle of ~)

Used after nouns to show something is currently happening or ongoing.

until/up to

Expresses the limit or endpoint of time, place, or action.

by (a certain time)

Indicates a deadline by which an action must be finished.

for, in order to

Expresses purpose, reason, or benefit for an action or someone.

For the sake of/In order to

Expresses purpose or reason: "in order to" or "for the sake of."

Because/Since

Expresses a reason or cause; translates as "because" or "since."

Because

Expresses reason or cause; more polite than から; means "because" or "since".

~no desu (explaining/clarifying reason)

Used to explain, justify, or clarify the reason for a situation.

Providing an Explanation

Used to explain reasons or provide background for a situation.

Even though, despite

Expresses contrast between expectation and reality; "even though," "despite."

As it is

Describes something left unchanged or kept in its current state.

Verb ておく (do something in advance)

Expresses doing something in advance or as preparation for a future need.

~ba ii (should / it would be good if)

Expresses advice or suggestion; means "should" or "it would be good if."

have to / must (nai to ikenai)

Expresses obligation; used to say you must or have to do something.

Must/Have to

Used to express that something must or has to be done; obligation.

Have to/Must

Expresses obligation or necessity; means "have to" or "must" do something.

Must/Have to

Used to show something is necessary or must be done.

don't have to / it's okay if not

Expresses that doing something is not necessary; it's okay if you don't.

Must / Have to

Expresses obligation; used to say someone must or has to do something.

Better not to [Verb]

Used to advise that not doing something is the better choice.

Decide not to do something

Express a personal decision to not do something or refrain from an action.

Verb not to become

Expresses that something will end up not happening or being done.

Indicating Instances of Non-action

Used to express that something sometimes does not happen or is not done.

It would be good if / should / I hope

Expresses hope, suggestion, or advice: "It would be good if..."

How about...?

Polite way to suggest or recommend an action if a condition is met.

How about if you ~? / Why don't you ~?

Used after verb た-form to gently suggest or recommend an action.

Even if

Expresses contrast: something happens or is true even if a condition occurs.

~to ii (I hope / It would be nice if)

Expresses hope or wish for a situation; "I hope..." or "It'd be nice if..."

~darou (probably, I think)

Expresses probability or conjecture; used to say "probably" or "I think."

probably

Expresses probability or conjecture; used to say something is likely true.

Expressing uncertainty

Used to express uncertainty or wonder, often translated as "I wonder."

Expressing Uncertainty or Wonder

Used to express uncertainty, doubt, or wonder, like "I wonder..."

might / possibly

Expresses uncertainty or possibility; means "might" or "maybe."

Looks like / Seems

Used to express that something appears or seems a certain way based on observation.

That Kind of [Noun]

Used before nouns to mean "that kind of" or "such a" thing near the listener.

Not so much / Not that

Used to say something is not as much or not to that extent.

Too much

Expresses that something is excessive or more than necessary.

Easy to do

Expresses that an action is easy to do; attaches to verb stems.

Difficulty in Action with ～にくい

Expresses that something is hard or difficult to do.

Trying out something

Used to say you try doing something to see what happens.

Verb てしまう

Expresses completion or regret; attach しまう to the verb’s て-form.

Listing Actions or States

Used to list multiple example actions or states, not in a fixed order.

Connecting Reasons

Used to list multiple reasons or qualities supporting a statement.

by/with/at (means, method, place marker)

Indicates means, method, tool, language, or place of an action.

also, too

Used to indicate "also," "too," or "as well" in a sentence.

Sentence A; furthermore, Sentence B

Adds more information to Sentence A; Sentence B builds on it.

Sentence A. Sorede Sentence B

Connects sentences; B is the result or consequence of A.

Sentence A. In addition, Sentence B

Adds extra information to the previous sentence using "それに" (in addition).

Sentence A. Therefore, Sentence B

Shows that Sentence B is the result or consequence of Sentence A.

each, per

Expresses giving or doing something equally to each person or thing.

seems like; appears; looks like

Used to say something looks, seems, or appears a certain way based on impression.

Only ~

Expresses that there is nothing except the specified noun; only that exists.

Want someone to do something

Expresses wanting someone else to do an action for you.

Want someone to do something for you

Expresses wanting someone else to do something for you.

Verb-like construction

Expresses similarity, manner, or purpose: "like," "as if," or "so that."

Make sure to/try to do

Expresses effort or intention to make sure or try to do something.

Tell/Instruct to Do Something

Used to report telling or instructing someone to do something.

Called/Named

Used to specify or clarify a noun as "called" or "named" something.

What kind of Noun

Used to ask "what kind of" or "what sort of" before a noun for clarification.

I think/believe

Used to state your opinion or what you think about something.

To Quote or Define

Used to quote, report, or define information or names in sentences.

That is to say

Used to quote, define, or specify nouns; means "called" or "that is to say."